This is possible one of two ways:
1: Within your Architect inbound flow, use a Data Action to query the caller ID against Salesforce and based on the results create a case via Data Action/API and then present that case to the rep via the SF_Url method outlined here:
KB Article2. Within Salesforce, mostly on the dev side, create an aura component that handles this caller ID search and case creation process, and trigger the aura component via the SF_Url method as well.
The main issue with method 1 is that it leads to cases for calls that may not get answered, such as abandons.
The main issue with method 2 is that it relies heavily on your Salesforce dev team and not everyday admin work.