I don't know of a real quick thread or method...someone out there probably already has a script.
The information is all stored in the Registry on the IC server.
One quick way to export all the info is in Interaction Administrator, File menu, Export, which allows you to export everything to CSV.
From there, use filters to view "Workstation" in the Class column, which will show you every station with all of its settings...one row per setting. Now, that doesn't mean it shows the individual phones for sure...some phones are configured with multiple stations (multiple line appearances), but you'll see the same IP address in the Line column for those.
From there narrow down using filters to see just the info you want ("Value Name" column).
For example, "Phone Model" to see the assign model, "Line" to see the IP address, "Phone Manufacturer" to see the brand of phone, "MAC Address" to see the MAC, "SIP ID Address" to see station name, "Extension" for the extension, etc.
It will take a bit of work to get the filters set the way you want, but I think it's the fastest way to get what you need out of the system based on what you have installed by default.